Dualism - 1476 Words

Question: In dualism about the mind and body a more plausible view than the view that we are purely physical beings? Give reason for your answer. Dualism is the view that you consist of a body plus a soul, physicalism is the view that your mental life consists of physical processes in your brain. I hold the position that Physicalism is more plausible than dualism, my argument will be to look at Nagels opinions of both the philosophies and then draw my own conclusion about which is more plausible and finally consider the possibility about whether or not there is an option that a combination of the two could stand with a valid argument. In considering the view that dualism is a more plausible view than the view that we are†¦show more content†¦Dualism states that the connection between the mind and the brain takes form one of what might be called a soul. The mind is a separate entity which cannot be shared or experienced, and one persons experiences are their own. The brain is a separate entity which is connected to the body; it reacts in certain ways which caused certain effects which can be seen as electrical impul ses. Therefore the brain and the mind are separate entities, Therefore there is nothing that can be seen which could lead us to believe that the mind and brain are connected. Therefore we can only speculate what might be there. Dualism provides a rational explanation in the form of a soul. However some people my doubt this and prefer to rationalise thinking more, the idea as Nagel explains is that if life has evolved thus far by coincidence then it is entirely possible for the mental link between mind and brain to have also developed by itself. This is the basis of physicalism. The mind is part of the brain and thinking and feeling is a physical response of the brain. Nagel uses the example that, ‘diamonds are composed of carbon, the same material as coal; the atoms are just differently arranged. And water, as we all known, is composed of Hydrogen and oxygen, even though the two elements are nothing like water when taken by themselves. Another point which he goes on to make is, that scientists have toShow MoreRelatedDualism And Dualism970 Words   |  4 Pagesbe making my own argument for a dualist and supply the physicalist response to the argument and its validity. Understanding the difference between dualism and physicalism is beneficial to the mind and body problem. Descartes was a substance dualist. He believed that there were two kinds of substance: matter and mind. The broad definition of dualism is a view in which the body and mind are completely separate entities constructed with different kinds of things. The mind is made of an immaterial substanceRead MoreArgument of Dualism1036 Words   |  5 PagesArguments of Dualism Dualism is the theory that mind and matter are two distinct things. The main argument for dualism is that facts about the objective external world of particles and fields of force, as revealed by modern physical science, are not facts about how things appear from any particular point of view, whereas facts about subjective experience are precisely about how things are from the point of view of individual conscious subjects. They have to be described in the first person asRead MoreDualism Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes argues in favor of dualism, the mind is completely independent of the body and vice versa. We have a sense this kind of dualism exists when we say, â€Å"I am a mind with a body.† Descartes argues that the self exists in consciousness and that the body is simply a machine the mind controls. Further, dualists support their argument by comparing essences of both the mind and body; the mind is indivisible and free and the body is infinitely divisible and i s determined by the laws of the physicalRead MoreDescartes Teachings On Dualism977 Words   |  4 Pages To understand how the dualist commits a category mistake, one must first understand Descartes’ teachings on dualism from the Meditations on First Philosophy. Firstly, Descartes sees the mind as an immaterial, non-physical soul. He believes that his thoughts can be altered but he can never be tricked into the thinking that he is thinking when he is not. While he has complete faith in the existence of his mind, he doubts the existence of his body and the existence of other people s minds. The reasonRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism4580 Words   |  19 PagesDualism is the belief that reality consists of two different, separate substances: that of the mental and that of the physical. In philosophy of mind, the belief that the mental and physical are deeply different in kind: thus the mental is at least not identical with the physical. It directly opposes mat erialism, as dualism dictates that the mind is unidentifiable to the body, as opposed to stating that the mind and body exist as one. The concept of dualism is not only fundamental in philosophyRead MoreRealism : Reality And Dualism1340 Words   |  6 PagesTeena Lin PHI 1500 Fall 2017 Final Paper Reality is Dualism There are currently four major theories about the nature of reality and substance— materialism/physicalism, idealism, transcendental idealism, and dualism. Materialism is the theory that there is only the physical and material world. Idealism takes the position that reality is made up of ideas and immaterial. Transcendental idealism holds the idea that our experience of things are shaped by how they appear to us and not by what they areRead MoreThe Concept of Dualism Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagesmachinequot; form of substance dualism best solves the mind body problem. My views in this area have been influenced by my twelve years of Catholic education. The soul, or mind, depending on your level of belief, was a complete and separate entity and was the center of a human being. The body was an ambulatory device that the soul directed. The idea that the mind is a separate entity and that it is independent of the physical body is the central point of substance dualism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreThe Argument of Dualism Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages In my mind, dualism is a more attractive view to take when considering the mind-brain issue. The idea that the mind is a separate entity and that it is independent of the physical body is the central point of dualism. One reason it appeals to me is because of my religion, my Catholic upbringing. Introspection is another good reason why dualism is a little more logical to me than materialism.. It logically explains why the mind and brain are separate. Also, the divisibility argument raisesRead MoreThe Problem Of Separation And Dualism1399 Words   |  6 Pagessuggests a problem of separation and dualism. Dualism shall be claimed, it is an intuitive position; it offers an explanation of the mind and body in terms of substances (Descartes, 1641) or properties (Strawson, 1959), in which the mind is somehow considered as a non-physical thing, thus separated from the physical world. In contras t, a rival view is that there are only physical things, hence there is no separation between mind and body as suggested by dualism, and that the mind is most accuratelyRead MoreThe Problem Of Separation And Dualism1399 Words   |  6 Pagessuggests a problem of separation and dualism. Dualism shall be claimed, it is an intuitive position; it offers an explanation of the mind and body in terms of substances (Descartes, 1641) or properties (Strawson, 1959), in which the mind is somehow considered as a non-physical thing, thus separated from the physical world. In contrast, a rival view is that there are only physical things, hence there is no separation between mind and body as suggested by dualism, and that the mind is most accurately

The English 101 Course - 1185 Words

The English 101 course has been instrumental in the improvement of various aspects of my writing. The course has been of significant aid in the comprehension of the English language. The learning of the different methods of writing has provided one with an opportunity to better understand the dynamics of different pieces of writing. The concepts that have been learnt in the course are important in the overall improvement of ones’ mastery of the English language. The ability to come up with accurate and precise pieces of writing provides one with a chance to gain creative and analytical skills that are necessary for effective learning and communication. Critical understanding of the use of the English language in writing is essential in the development of self-confidence thus boosting ones’ employability skills. The course has facilitated the comprehension of various Student Learning Outcomes majorly Student Learning Outcome A, B, C, D and F. Student Learning Outcome A: The Student Learning Outcome A focuses on the practice of analyzing, composing and reflecting on pieces of writings and applying them to suite rhetorical situations. Through studying the course, I have gained these crucial skills that have led to significant improvement in the quality of writing created. One of the things that I have been able to particularly improve on was on accurate identification of the target audience. Accurate target identification has been enhanced and facilitated by the variousShow MoreRelatedAn Exciting English 101 Course759 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to an exciting English 101 course! In this composition course, you are expected to help each other develop a unique writing style that is appropriate for college. This development will be done through a series of in-class writings, revisions, peer editing, and grammar, writing, and reading exercises. In order to write effectively, we will write on a regular basis and read and discuss engaging topics revolv ing around the theme of the individual and social response to dystopian conditionsRead MoreAs my freshman year of college comes to a close, I reflect on my two English courses this year. I600 Words   |  3 Pagesreflect on my two English courses this year. I have learned a lot these last two semester in my english 101 and 102 classes. English 101 focused a lot on different types of papers, while English 102 focused mainly on taking what we learned from a reading and analysing and interpreting of stories and poems we read. Looking back at my high school English days, I believe I had made major improvements in my writing abilities between these two semesters. Personally, I favorited my English 101 class. The mainRead MoreMy English Class Is A College Student, And As A Person1334 Words   |  6 PagesThere were a plethora of course materials I have learned in the Fall Quarter of English 101, such as: punctuation, critical thinking, how to carry out a proper seminar discussion, how to properly use journals to better retain course materials, and writing tools such as outlines. All of which I believe will help me excel as a college student, and as a person. This English 101 class was very rigorous. Dr. Faucette told the class, from the very beginning, that it wouldn’t be easy. Dr. Faucette gaveRead MoreWriting Is A Major Part Of College Courses Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesWriting is a major part of college courses. Most courses will require you to write a paper to pass the course. Writing has not always been something that I have excelled in. I was never a good writer from the start. This paper is to show where I have struggled in the past, currently and where I improved in my writing. It will explain where I got help in years previous to Neumann University along with my first semester at Neumann University. This will include grammar, word choice, using resourcesRead MoreAn Annotated Bibliography Of Writing881 Words   |  4 PagesThis semester in English 102, I can definitely say my time was well spent. Each assignment that I completed benefited me as a student so that I could become a better reader and writer. With the s kills I learned in this class, I will use them to my advantage in future English courses and other educational endeavors. Being able to read, write, research, and think are important skills to have in order to be successful in any area of study. Nevertheless, I believe that by taking this class I was ableRead MoreAnalysis Of The Fox s Hollow 1138 Words   |  5 Pagescleverness and their ability to overcome obstacles in creative ways. Quick, agile, and focused, outsmarting others comes easily to them. The similarities between these intelligent creatures and Mrs. Amy Fox goes far deeper than their name. Amy Fox is an English instructor, her class is not one to scoff at and anyone looking for and easy A, should look the other directions. For, any grammatical error, any inconsistencies in an argument, Fox will weed them out. With sharp eyes and numerous college degreesRead MoreThe Difficult Transition Of Fox s English Class Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesHawkins Ms. Fox English 101-Writing 1 Tuesday and Thursday 12 30 August, 2016 The Difficult Transition to Fox s English Class When a student enters college, it can cause a change in outlook on their school work due to the differences from what they have become accustomed to in earlier schooling. Some student may view the work as easier, while others may realize that the further one educated themselves, the more difficult the classes and the work involved becomes. Amy Fox s English class is difficultRead MoreReflection Of English : My Favorite Language In The English Language968 Words   |  4 Pagesclass is, 80% of the time the answer would be English. From what Ive noticed, not a lot of students enjoy English classes. It may be the long drastic readings or the constant workload of writing that just throws them off. Although, I personally do not fall into that statistic. English has always been my favorite subject due to the fact that I actually enjoy reading (novels primarily) and writing. Therefore, entering college and taking on the course ENGL-101 didnt worry or frighten me one bit. I managedRead More My Strengths And Weaknesses Of My Writing977 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever cleaned out your closet and found many items you never knew you owned? That is the way English 101 felt to me. I learned important skills and techniques that I will maintain even though the course is over. I will be constantly improving what I have learned—meaning I will work to carry about my strengths and eliminate my remaining weaknesses. English 101 has helped me grow as a reader, a writer, and most importantly a person. My writing has progressed during the term by becoming moreRead MoreDifferences in a Traditional Class and an Online Course.768 Words   |  4 PagesMelissa Booker Mrs. Duncan English 101 June 24, 2013 Differences in a traditional class and an online course Although the concept of learning a subject in a traditional class and an online course are the same, they differ in many ways. Both have a goal for students to learn from the information given to them, but their techniques for teaching that information are not at all alike

Compare and Contrast Muslim Empires Free Essays

Between 1450 and 1750, three great Muslim empires arose—the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals. The Ottomans arose after the Seljuk Turkic kingdom of Rum in Eastern Anatolia collapsed, which occurred because of a Mongol invasion in 1243. The area fell into a chaotic period after that because the Mongols did not directly rule it. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires or any similar topic only for you Order Now In search of riches, Turkic peoples, including the Ottomans who dominated the rest, flooded into the area. By the 1350s, the Ottomans were advancing from their Asia Minor strongholds. Under Mehmed I, they conquered a large part of the Balkans, and, in 1453, they captured Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire under Mehmed II, â€Å"The Conqueror,† thus establishing an empire from the Balkans that included most of the Arab world. Like the Ottomans, the Safavids arose from struggles of rival Turkish tribes. In the fourteenth century, there were decades of fierce struggles, until, finally, after three successive Safavid leaders died, a Sufi commander named Isma’il survived. He and his followers conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501, as well as most of Persia in the next decade. They then drove the Ozbegs, neighboring nomadic Turks, back to Central Asia and advanced to Iraq. Lastly, the Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur, who descended from Turkic warriors. He first led an invasion of India in 1526 and conquered the Indus and Ganges plains. After Babur died of an illness, his son, Humayan, succeeded him and was attacked from enemies of all sides because of Babur’s death. He was expelled from India in 1540, but eventually restored Mughal rule by 1556. Humayan’s son, Akbar, would later succeed him and become the greatest ruler in Mughal history. The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals constructed significant empires, but each adopted different ways of treating their conquered people and developed diverse methods for managing social, political, and economic systems. In order to promote the expansion of their empire, the Ottomans adopted many practices to include non-Muslims in the military. At first, the Ottomans’ first concern was to collect tribute from their conquered people. This first happened in 1243 when the kingdom of Rum was conquered. However, in the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire’s imperial armies became increasingly dominated by infantry divisions made up of troops called Janissaries. Most of these Janissaries had been forcibly recruited as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the Balkans, where most of the population was made up of Christians. Sometimes the boys’ parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters because of the opportunities for advancement that came with service to the Ottoman sultans. And although they were legally slaves, they were well-educated and converted to Islam. Some of them even went on to serve in the palace or bureaucracy, but most became Janissaries. These Janissaries, however, later gained political influence. Commerce within the empire was in the hands of Christian and Jewish merchants, who as dhimmis, or â€Å"people of the book,† were under the protection of the Ottoman rulers. The Safavids espoused the Shi’a variant of Islam unlike the Ottomans, who espoused the Sunni variant of Islam. These two variants despised each other, and their hatred showed during the battle of Chaldiran on August 1514 in northwest Persia. However, the Safavids were easily killed because of the Ottomans’ advanced warfare technology. Under Abbas the Great, the Safavid Empire thrived with toleration for captured and conquered people. For example, captured Russian youths were educated and converted, and they formed the backbone of the Safavid’s military forces. They monopolized firearms that had become increasingly prominent in Safavid armies. Also, some Russians were granted provincial governorships and high offices at court. Although the Safavids tolerated the Russians, they were not as kind to the other inhabitants of present-day Iran. For example, Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and followers of Sufi preachers, were all pressured into converting to Shi’ism. One of the greatest rulers in all of history was the son and successor of Humayan, Akbar the Great. The Mughals, under Akbar, developed the most enlightened social, political, and economic methods for treating their conquered people. He not only extended the Mughal Empire with conquests throughout north and central India, but also made the Mughal Dynasty sustainable because of his social and administrative policies. He pursued a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindu princes and overall population of his realm. For example, he encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and families of the Hindu Rajput rulers. In addition, Akbar abolished jizya, which was a head tax on Hindus. He also allowed Hindus to be promoted to high ranks in the government. Further, Akbar ended the longstanding ban on the construction of new Hindu temples, and he ordered Muslims to respect cows because the Hindus viewed them as sacred. He even invented a new faith called Din-i-Ilahi, which blended elements of the many religions with which he was familiar. He believed that this would unite his Hindu and Muslim subjects, but it failed. Similar to the Ottomans’ collection of tribute, Akbar did leave some areas of his empire alone so long as they swore allegiance to Mughal rulers and paid their taxes on time. However, these areas were only left alone because of a shortage of administrators. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Dynasties each treated their conquered people and non-Muslims differently through political, economic and social procedures. Akbar the Great and the Mughals had the most enlightened approach on how to treat these people, such as encouraging intermarriage, abolishing the jizya, and ending the ban on the building of new Hindu temples. This approach ultimately led to greater success for the empire as a whole. In contrast, the practices utilized by the Ottomans and Safavids resulted in more discontent for the conquered people and non-Muslims. Overall, these three empires over a three hundred year span conquered thousands of people and had to develop administrative practices and policies. These methods greatly impacted their success. How to cite Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires, Papers

Valuation of Equity at the End of the Financial Year 2010-11

Question: Do Valuation of Equity at the End of the Financial Year 2010- 11 for the Selected Company. Answer: Introduction The following study aims to present the valuation of equity at the end of the financial year 2010- 11 for the selected company Webjet Limited by considering the real earnings and dividend forecasts over the next five years. The valuation has been conducted by using the approach of discounted free cash flow as well as the residual earnings together with the explanation on possible discrepancies. The study further highlights the analysis and valuation of active investing by evaluating the related strength, weakness and potential risks based on the companys financial statement. Background of the company Webjet Limited, a public company based on the travel industry was formed in 1998 in Australia, which is engaged in the business of travel booking for flights booking, hotels, holiday package and other services (Webjet.com.au 2017). The organization has been largest business entity in the travel industry, which expanded its business in the region of United Kingdom in the year 2005. In the recent years, the company earned revenue around $152 million while the profit amounted to $22 million. The company has total assets valued to $377 million while the value of net assets amounted to $151 million (Webjet.com.au 2017). Valuation of equity Value of equity using discounted free cash flow Present year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Real Earnings ($ millions) 13.61 6.49 19.13 17.5 22.22 Less: Dividend ($ millions) 5.16 5.56 5.76 5.88 7.78 Free Cash flow ($ millions) 8.45 0.93 13.37 11.62 14.44 Industry average cost of equity 8.00% 1.08 1.166 1.26 1.36 1.469 Discounted value of free cash flow ($ millions) 7.82 0.80 10.61 8.54 9.83 Total discounted cash flow ($ millions) 37.61 Value of equity using residual earnings Equity Capital ($ millions) 40.22 32.9 60.81 69.28 82.45 151.56 Cost of equity % 8.00 8.01 8.10 8.00 8.22 9.00 Equity charge ($ millions) 3.22 2.64 4.93 5.54 6.78 13.64 Less: Net Income ($ millions) 11.00 13.61 6.49 19.13 17.5 22.22 Residual charge ($ millions) -7.78 -10.97 -1.56 -13.59 -10.72 -8.58 Table 1: Valuation of equity (Source: Created by author) Considering the financial position statement of the company Webjet Limited for the financial year 2011, it has been observed that the actual value of equity amounted to $40.03 million. However, as per the fair value of equity determined by using discounted free cash flow method amounted to $37.61 which is lower than the actual value (Webjet.com.au 2017). The difference in the equity valuation is due to incorporation of discount rate based on the average cost of industry that provides fair value as per time value of money. Fair valuation of equity has been done by using discounted free cash flow as well as residual earnings for the financial year 2011. As per the discounted free cash flow, equity value is lower than the actual value that indicates the overvaluation of stock price. Besides, residual earnings indicate the efficiency of the company in generating income after considering the value of equity charge. In case of Webject Limited, it has been analyzed that the residual earning s in each forecast year is negative reflecting the inefficiency to generate income after considering the equity charge. Active Investing In order to evaluate the efficiency of the company for investment, active investing can be considered as a process to manage investment portfolio in accordance to the companys benchmark index. The investment strategy can be managed by considering asset allocation or companys performance (Xiao et al. 2014). In case of Webjet Limited, it has been noticed that the value of non- current assets amounted to $11.62 million during 2011 while net profit amounted to $10.86 million reflecting earnings per share $14.41 (Webjet.com.au 2017). Accordingly, it can be said that investment in Webjet Limited would provide positive return in the short- term period as the residual earnings for long- term reflects negative value. Financial statement analysis In order to determine the efficiency of company for investment purpose, companys performance and financial position can be evaluated by considering financial statement analysis (Easton 2016). Considering the income statement of Webjet Limited for the period 2010- 11, it has been noted that the company generated revenue at an increasing trend along with the generation of profit amount. It has been observed that the earnings per share of the company has been positive and reflects increasing trend that is $14.41 in the year 2011 while $ 18.81 in the year 2012 (Webjet.com.au 2017). FY 2011 Activity ratio Accounts receivable turnover Total sales/ Accounts receivable 18.69 Average collection period 365/ Accounts receivable turnover 19.53 Profitability ratio Net profit % Net Profit/ Total Revenue 0.25 Gross profit % (Total Sales- Cost of Goods Sold)/ Total Sales 0.79 Return on assets Net Income/ Total Assets 0.20 Liquidity ratio Working capital ratio Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 3.91 Liquidity ratio (Current Assets- Inventory- Prepaid expenses)/ Current Liabilities 3.91 Solvency ratio Equity ratio Total equity/ total assets 0.73 Table 2: Financial ratio analysis (Source: Created by author) As the activity ratio of the company that is average collection period for accounts receivable represents 19.53 days, it can be said that the company is efficient in collecting the cash from credit sales. In addition, profitability ratio for the financial year 2011 reflects positive margin in net profit, gross profit and return on assets. Therefore, the company is said to be efficient in generating income from assets and operating costs. Current ratio of the company reflects higher than one that is 3.91 indicating that Webjet has been efficient in meeting current obligations from the source of current assets (Webjet.com.au 2017). Similarly, company is efficient in generating return on equity from the value of asset resources. On the contrary, financial statement analysis incorporates certain weaknesses with respect to the performance measure together with its competitors. Financial statement has been prepared by using accounting policies and methods, which may not reflect the fair value. For instance, the valuation of equity reflected higher value than the fair value since that was determined by using present value factor. Hence, the major risk involve in financial statement analysis is determination of true value of assets and liabilities as well as the value of non- financial factors that affects the companys growth. In case of Webjet Limited, fair value of investments in associates and financial assets might not reflect the true and fair value hence the risk of investment return becomes high. Conclusion As the fair value of equity of Webjet Limited reflected lower value than the actual value of equity using the method of discounted free cash flow which indicates the companys shares has been overvalued hence investment is not recommended. Further, residual earnings of the company reflected negative balance, which means the company is not efficient in deriving investment return. On the contrary, financial statement analysis of Webject reflects positive values in profit margin, liquidity and solvency value therefore, it can be said that the investors can invest in the companys share for short- term period and not for long- term period. References Easton, P., 2016. Estimating the Cost of Capital Using Stock Prices and Near?term Earnings Forecasts.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,28(3), pp.87-94. Ellis, C.D., 2014. The Rise and Fall of Performance Investing.Financial Analysts Journal,70(4), pp.14-23. Hofmann, E. and Lampe, K., 2013. Financial statement analysis of logistics service providers: ways of enhancing performance.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(4), pp.321-342. Malkiel, B.G., 2013. Asset management fees and the growth of finance.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(2), pp.97-108. Webjet.com.au. 2017. Flights, Cheap Hotels, Car Hire, Insurance Packages - Webjet. [online] Available at: https://www.webjet.com.au [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Xiao, W., Zhang, W., Zhang, X. and Chen, X., 2014. The valuation of equity warrants under the fractional Vasicek process of the short-term interest rate.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,394, pp.320-337.

Elizabethan Age Essay Example

Elizabethan Age Essay In England, the period between the Gothic and Renaissance styles is known as the Elizabethan age.It reached its peak in the late 1500s, toward the end of thelong reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and is often considered the last phase of the long-lasting Tudor style.Although the Elizabethan age produced a certain amount ofcharacteristic sculptures and paintings, the Elizabethan style can best be seen in theperiods architecture.The dramatic personality of Elizabeth became the subject of avoluminous literature (Elizabethan Age).However, the literature coming out of this period was also quite exceptional.Among the many great writers and poets wereEdmund Spenser who wrote a very detailed piece about a feast for Elizabeth, SirWalter Raleigh who wrote poems about Elizabeth, and William Shakesphere(Elizabethan Writers).The Gothic period preceding the Elizabethan age was basedvery much on religion.Secular buildings, sculpture, stained glass, illuminatedmanuscripts, and other decorative arts were produced in Europe during the latterpart of the Middle Ages. Since then the term Gothic has been restricted to the lastmajor medieval period, immediately following the Romanesque (Gothic Period). The Renaissance, following the Elizabethan age was a rebirth of scholarly interests. It was based on the classics of art, religion, science and inventions, philosophy, andhumanism (Renaissance). Queen Elizabeth I was a powerful political figure in English history.Herbackground was definitely relative to her choice of words and her topics that sheused in When I Was Fair and Young.Elizabeth was born in London on September 7, 1533.She spent her childhood away from the court and received anexcellent classical education under such scholars as Roger Ascham, who influencedher greatly (Plowden 7).Her exceptional education aided in many of her futuredeci

Sublimation and Repression in Wuthering Heights essays

Sublimation and Repression in Wuthering Heights essays Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights is a tale in which "two households, both alike in dignity" have conflicts which cause "civil blood" to make "civil hands unclean." In her one novel she encapsulates both the harshness and the beauty of the Yorkshire moors, using it, not only as a background, but also as a central image of the passions and thwarted longings of the characters in Wuthering Heights. The human patterns, which reoccur in Wuthering Heights, can be likened to the cycles of nature, where the seasons return and time comes about again. It is such a strange, agonizing, and powerful book that every individual who reads it will give it his own interpretation. One where "two households, both alike in dignity" have conflicts which cause "civil blood" to make "civil hands unclean." Such an interpretation is the constant use of the sublimation and repression of nature to express the characters' innermost and most personal thoughts and feelings. This portrayal is extravagantly unique in comparison to the mainstream literature of the time. Throughout the novel, nature is constantly being eluded to and made mention of, merely emphasizing the true story line. Things such as weather, times of day, seasons, clouds, winds, sunlight, gray stones, masses of heather, the wheeling lapwing, imbue a great deal of the novel. For instance, when in Chapter 21, the young Cathy drags Nelly across the moor for an hour's "ramble" on the "twentieth of March[,it] was a beautiful spring day" where Cathy "found plenty of entertainment in listening to the larks singing far and near, and enjoying the sweet, warm sunshine"(Bronte 194-5). The characters such as Heathcliff and Catherine seem bound together by their love for the moors just as much as they are by their love for each other. Catherine and Heathcliff forced apart by their ascribed statuses-as assigned by Hindleyare drawn together by the "freedom, wildness, and purity of the moor...its space ...

How do consumers engage with fashion, as a routine aspect of everyday Research Paper

How do consumers engage with fashion, as a routine aspect of everyday life - Research Paper Example oduction and display of new and emerging fashion styles, innovative and engaging consumers and their selections, and the urge to express the spirit of the times (Pink, 2001). Core in defining fashion is the interaction of fashion products, their distribution and the manner in which they are consumed. Several theories have been postulated to explain fashion, its momentum and influences on everyday life. Most of these theories envisage the expanse and distribution of fashion as a movement or trickle from one level or aspect of life in society to another (Felski, 2000). This trickle is viewed as being diffused from the center to the edge in either a hierarchical or horizontal manner. These perceptions of fashion trickle led to the three theories of fashion; the trickle-down, trickle-across, or trickle-up theories. In the trickle down theory, fashion movement is based on a hierarchical society, which supports the upward movement of fashion among social strata (Felski, 2000). According to this theory, people at the top of the societal strata are offered and accept a fashion styles and brands first. The style is then gradually accepted by those in lower strata. In other terms, this theory envisages a situation in which lower strata people seek to copy the affluence of upper strata people in society. Such consumers seek recognition and try to distance themselves from the lower cadre groups, where they actually belong. Those supporting the trickle-across theory feel that fashion runs horizontally among groups on the same social level. There is this little, if any lag time between the time of adoption by one group and another. In this theory, designers have prices for all the social levels. The reasons for which this theory is preferred include promotional or advertising benefits to designers, manufacturers and retailers, rapid mass communications benefits and exposure of design to all fashion levels and sectors (Pink, 2001). In the trickle up theory, the newest of the

THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS DEALING WITH LINGUISTICS Assignment

THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 7 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS DEALING WITH LINGUISTICS - Assignment Example Even though it may give the historical representation of the word, it does not give how the language forms are pronounced (Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon, 2010, p.679). The orthographical representation of the words, ‘read’ and the past form of it, ‘read’ are same but in phonetics representation these become different and more clarity is occurred. In phonetics these are, /ri:d/ and /red/. So linguists use the phonetic alphabets to present how the word is pronounced. It makes the learners use the language effectively. 2. Suprasegmentals are the particular features of language by which the meaning of language is altered. Suprasegmentals are â€Å"†¦ consisting of stress, juncture, and intonation and all affect morphologically and alter the identity and significance of the segments in an utterance† (Abrams &Harpham, 2011, p.197). These suprasegmentals change an utterance from verb to noun and the like. For example the word ‘contest’ is used as a noun with the stress on the first syllable whereas in the verb form of the word the stress is given in the second syllable. As English is a language that is affected by stress, juncture, and intonation the suprasegmentals are very important in the language. 3. The terms ‘phonetics’ and ‘phonology’ are different even though both are similar to each other. The term phonetics denotes the speech sounds produced by humans. Phonology denotes the pattern of sounds in a language and the distribution of it in different languages or within each language (Phonetics vs. Phonology, n.d.). Phonetics stands as an ordinary term whereas phonology has much wider areas. In phonetics the utterance of the sounds is considered as the most important one whereas in phonology it covers phonetics and analyses how sound patterns are distributed within the language and outside the language. 4. Phonemes are the smallest distinctive sound units in a language. For example in the word ‘pin’ we

General Principles of Law in the Eu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

General Principles of Law in the Eu - Essay Example It has been said that there were two main aspects for achieving a common market; the first being "negative integration" which required removal of existing barriers and the second requiring "harmonization" of rules so as to be in compliance with the set community rules which require positive steps so that the products can move freely within the EU this is known as positive integration1. When making an analysis of free movement it is necessary to differentiate between monetary barriers which are illustrated under Art 23-25 or under Article 90, which is discriminatory taxation and other barriers which do not deal with charges which are covered under Article 28-30. There have been at time quantitative restrictions which have restrained either the quantity of exports or imports. A restriction can take the form of a ban, quotas, or the requirement of obtaining licenses. For the purpose of ascertaining what a good is the ECJ stated in Commission v. Italy2 that the provisions of free movement of goods applied to any produce which can be valued in money and can form the basis for a commercial transaction. It can be clearly stated from the fact that Synthostein is a good and so the provisions for free movement of goods do apply to it. By the facts it can be said that there has been a quantitative restriction placed by Loamshire Borough Council on the import of Synthostein and so Art28 will be discussed along with its interpretation to the facts. Article 28 states that 'quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states'. In Geddo v Ente Nazionale Risi3 quantitative restrictions was said to be total or partial restriction on imports, exports or goods in transit. This tends to include a complete ban. (Commission v. Italy (Re Ban on Pork and Imports)4. It also includes quotas as stated in Salgoil SpA v. Italian Ministry for Foreign Trade5. Furthermore, even if it is found that the ban on imports is only on a certain or part of the member state, it would still be classified as a quantitative restriction. This was illustrated in the Ditle v. Bluhm6e case where a prohibition on import by Danish on a small island named Laeso of bees or reproductive material was found to be a quantitative restriction even though it was only for the island and for the purpose of protecting the Laeso brown bee. In order for the Article 28 to be applied it has been found necessary that a state measure should have been taken. This is what was found in the case of Commission v. Ireland 'Buy Irish' 7where it was found that the Irish Goods Council had the involvement of the state in the appointment of its Managing Committee and that it was run on state funding. However it has been seen that measures taken by state have been interpreted in the

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors The expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors: an immunohistochemical study Abstract Aim: Cathepsin-D, a protease, which is an invasion promoter and plays a central role in solid tumors including oral cancer. Our aim of the study was to look for their expression pattern in epithelium and stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors and correlate their aggressiveness to the staining intensity. Methods: To elucidate the expression patterns of this marker, we examined immunohistochemically on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of 24 odontogenic cysts and 10 odonogenic tumors, which are received for histopathologic examination in the department of oral pathology, the Oxford Dental college and hospital, Bangalore. Results: The epithelium of granular cell ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst showed maximum staining, with spillage of stained material in the connective tissue wall and at the separation of epithelium to capsule in odontogenic keratocyst, compare to other cysts and tumors. Conclusions: Cathepsin-D could be one of the enzyme important in separation of epithelium and connective tissue in odontogenic keratocyst which helps in recurrence and intense expression in granular cell ameloblastoma with spillage into stroma, compare to other odonogenic tumors may explain its aggressive behavior, recurrence and metastatic potential. To further validate our findings it is suggested to use more sample size and monoclonal antibody for cathepsin-D. Key words: Cathepsin-D, odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, immunohistochemistry. INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic cysts and tumors constitute an important aspect of oral and maxillofacial pathology. Odontogenic cysts are encountered relatively common in dental practice and tumors by contrast are uncommon lesions. These lesions are of clinical significance because of their biological behavior. Various attempts to categorize morphological features to relate the biological activity have been made over the years1. It is well established that the cysts of histologenic labeling of odontogenic keratocyst are more aggressive tending to behave more like a sub-malignant tumor1-6. It has also been suggested that cysts other than odontogenic keratocyst showing keratinization if not more locally aggressive tend to have a pre-disposition to neoplastic change7.There have been attempts to correlate follicle size with aggression in ameloblastoma and morphologically different granular cell variant has been known to be more clinically aggressive, showing metastatic potential8. Numerous studies on the e nzyme histochemistry of odontogenic cysts and tumors have been conducted over the years for the expression of oxidative enzymes NADH2 and NADPH2, G6PD, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphates, leucineamino peptidase and ATPase9, 10. The epithelial lining of all the varieties of cysts showed a weak reaction for leucineamino peptidase a lysosomal protease, but there was a strong positivity in the lamina propria of odontogenic keratocyst. Similar studies on follicular ameloblastoma have showed ATPase activity in the peripheral and central cells of the follicle9. Based on these we made an attempt to study the expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors, by grouping them into locally aggressive and non-aggressive based on their clinical and radiographic features. Cathepsin-D is a proteolytic enzyme that belongs to a family known as aspartic proteases. Many homologies in the amino acid sequence have been shown to exist among the members of this group of enzymes, which includes pepsin, gastricin and rennin. Like other enzymes cathepsin-D has been shown to be synthesized in the precursor form. The enzyme itself is a glycoprotein of approximate molecular weight 52 KD and has an optimum pH of 3.5. Cathepsin-D was present in many of the normal tissue including epithelium, fibroblast and macrophages11. The physiologic role of cathepsin-D is believed to be involved in self-destruction of senescent or damaged epithelial cells12. As cathepsin-D is an intracellular lysosomal aspartic protease apart from its role in protein catabolism through the degradation of endocytosed protein. Cathepsin-D has attracted clinical attention because of it’s over expression in variety of diseases. Increased levels of these enzymes have been reported to be an indic ator of aggressive behavior in human tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma13. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue used in the study was biopsy material submitted to department of oral pathology, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research centre, Bangalore. Total sample size taken was from 34 patients which comprised of 9 Ameloblastoma (1 plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma), 7 odontogenic keratocyst, 1 adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 11 Radicular cysts and 6 Dentigerous cysts which were grouped into locally aggressive and non aggressive based on their clinical and radiologic features like size and extent of lesion, peripheral cortication, scalloping and root resorption. *This particular radicular cyst was an extensive lesion extending from the maxillary canine to the third molar extending into and destroying the maxillary sinus and had caused root resorption from canine to second molar without causing any bony expansion. The initial clinical impression was that of a malignancy arising in the maxillary sinus. METHODOLOGY: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of odontogenic cysts and tumors were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stain, the serial sections of the same was studied by Immuno histochemistry procedure using cathepsin-D and observed under the microscope for the intensity of cathepsin-D staining expression or non- expression. Controls were prepared by omitting primary antibody. A grading system for intensity of expression was devised and used. Antibody used: Polyclonal rabbit anti-human primary cathepsin-D, 7ml ready to use (DAKO Corporation N1625). Denmark Biotinylated anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, anti-goat Igs, LINK/secondary antibody, 15 ml ready to use. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679). Streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679). Liquid Diamino benzidine chromogen. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS: All odontogenic cysts and tumors were observed for intensity of cathepsin-D stain in epithelium and stroma/ connective tissue capsule by categorized into mild, moderate and marked staining. Statistical analysis was done using students T test. Table 1 shows number of cases in which cathepsin-D shows mild, moderate and marked staining in various epithelial layers and stroma. Table 2 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and stroma/capsular wall between each odontogenic cysts. Table 3 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and connective tissue stroma between each odontogenic tumors. DISCUSSION The idea of immunohistochemistry staining for a lysosomal protease cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors of varying biological behavior pattern was with the hope that it could contribute to a better understanding of metabolic processes that are responsible for that behavior. Traditionally we have always focused on the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors. Much like the mesmerizing effect of giant cells in giant cell lesions, the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors has held a magnetic quality for research workers. The epithelial component dictates the diagnosis, but the role of connective tissue wall and the stromal cells in tumors has not always been given due consideration. The epithelium is not always at the advancing front of these lesions as is especially seen in case of cysts. In this study in addition to the epithelium we also looked at the expressivity of cathepsin-D in the connective tissue and stromal cells. In granular cell ameloblastoma we observed marked staining pattern in the cytoplasm of the granular cells, often spilling into the connective tissue which may contribute to the aggressive nature of the lesion and its propensity for metastasis (Fig 1a 1b). As compared to the granular cell ameloblastoma other odontogenic tumor types such as follicular, unicystic, plexiform ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (Fig 2a 2b) showed less intense staining pattern and the staining was restricted to cytoplasm of these epithelial cells with minimal stromal staining. Apart from the granular cell ameloblastoma we could not derive any correlation between clinical behaviour and cathepsin-D expression. Among the 3 cyst types we found a characteristic epithelial staining pattern in odontogenic keratocyst in comparison to radicular and dentigerous cysts. Among 7 odontogenic keratocyst only one case showed superficial granular staining of the epithelial cells with no separation of epitheliu m from connective tissue. In all other cases we observed granular staining through the full thickness of the epithelium, more in the basal and supra-basal layers, with intense/marked staining at the region of separation of epithelium from connective tissue with granular staining pattern in separation zone (fig 3a 3b). In dentigerous cysts there was only superficial staining of epithelium. The radicular cysts showed uniform staining in the entire length of epithelium (fig4). In the one radicular cyst which was clinically more aggressive; a similar pattern of staining was observed. Though the epithelial staining in radicular cysts was almost similar to that seen in odontogenic keratocysts we did not find any areas of cleavage between epithelium and connective tissue. In the odontogenic keratocyst the staining pattern though similar to the radicular cysts, in the area of split the staining was very intense, and some stained material was noticed in the space between the epithelium and the connective tissue leading to the speculation that the increased expression may contribute to the split, which may have prognostic consequences in terms of recurrence by way of cleaving of epithelium at the time of attempted enucleation or biopsies . In addition to variations in staining patterns of the epithelial lining of the different types of cysts, their walls showed variation in staining from the epithelial end to the bony end .All the cyst types showed expressivity in the immediate sub-epithelial region as well as the bony end of the cyst wall. The intensity of staining progressively increased from the dentigerous cyst through the radicular cyst to the odontogenic keratocyst. The intermediate zone showed relatively scanty expression. This pattern of increasing expression seemed to correlate with increasing aggression. The one radicular cyst grouped in the list of aggressive lesion showed intense staining in the most peripheral areas similar to that seen in the odontogenic keratocyst. All the inflammatory cells seen in connective tissue wall and keratin of the surface layer and granules of granular layer of odontogenic cysts showed intense staining. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study on expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors although studies on various other lysosomal enzymes like leucineaminopeptidase etc have been published. Hence it may be presumptuous on our part to make claims on the role of cathepsin-D in aggressive behaviour of odontogenic cysts and tumors, however that there is perceptible variation in expression would suggest that additional efforts in the area may help to understand the metabolic processes that lead to aggressive behaviour. Another area open for exploration is precystic epithelium as in the case of periapical granulomas and the role of these enzymes in cystogenesis. Acknowledgements: Dr. Srivasta MDS (for statistical analysis). Professor, Sri Rajiv Gandhi Dental College and hospital, R T Nagar, Bangalore-94.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Modern Day Implications Essay -- Franke

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Modern Day Implications Over two centuries ago, Mary Shelley created a gruesome tale of the horrific ramifications that result when man over steps his bounds and manipulates nature. In her classic tale, Frankenstein, Shelley weaves together the terrifying implications of a young scientist playing God and creating life, only to be haunted for the duration of his life by the monster of his own sordid creation. Reading Shelley in the context of present technologically advanced times, her tale of monstrous creation provides a very gruesome caution. For today, it is not merely a human being the sciences are lusting blindly to bring to life, as was the deranged quest of Victor Frankenstein, but rather to generate something potentially even more dangerous and horrifying with implications that could endanger the entire world and human population. Few things are more powerful than the human mind or human intelligence. This ability to think, learn and process complex thoughts has been the driving force that has allowed for the immense growth of human culture and society, without which it is doubtful we would have ever had the capacity to evolve from our basic animal existence. As fantastic as this quality may be, our intellectual growth has not always spawned ideas that produce sound and safe results. Victor Frankenstein, although a fictitious character, provides a superb example of the vast potentiality of human intelligence and the morbid destruction that it can create. For very real examples, one need only read the headlines of the newspaper to find a multitude of malicious and perverse atrocities that occur each day due to the human mind and "intelligence" gone haywire. This is why, in light of t... ...eal when we are taking the power of our minds and placing it into machines that have the ability to act in ways that exceed our own abilities. We are blinded by the seemingly beneficial qualities of this growing technology, naively becoming more and more dependent upon this very powerful creation. One need only remember the gruesome tale Shelley brought forth in Frankenstein to realize the horrendous mistake we could very well be making. Just as Victor realized too late that he had given life to a true monster, our world could suffer the same fate as we watch our "AI children" manifest into monsters that we no longer have control of. Works and Sources Cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein: Or The Modern Prometheus. New York: Signet Classic, 2000. ThinkQuest. Applicatio ns: Essays on the use of AI. (7 Oct. 2002). ThinkQuest. The History of AI. (7 Oct. 2002).